黑洞不仅吞噬物质，也能把粒子加速到极高能量。
强引力势和自转的Kerr黑洞在近场产生巨大的潮汐力与框拖效应，使得Penrose过程或BSW效应在事件视界附近成为可能，粒子碰撞可获得极高的中心质心能量。
更重要的是，吸积盘与强磁场通过Blandford–Znajek机制把黑洞的旋转能量转化为相对论性喷流，电磁力沿旋转轴发射带电粒子，形成跨越数万光年的高能喷流，成为加速宇宙射线和产生高能光子的主要来源之一。
观测上，活动星系核、类星体和伽马暴在射电、X射线与伽马波段显示出高能辐射与结构化喷流；理论上，辐射耗散、磁场重联、粒子散射与天体尺度限制了可达的最大能量，因此理想模型不能无限制增长。
研究黑洞加速不仅有助于解释超高能宇宙射线的起源，也为暗物质、粒子物理和强引力检验提供新的窗口。
未来依靠更高分辨率的射电望远镜、X/伽马观测以及多信使（粒子、光子、引力波）联合观测，我们将更清晰地揭示这些极端加速过程的微观与宏观机制。
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